Architectural design for time recording application software

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer program products, for implementing a software architecture design for a software application implementing time recording. The application is structured as multiple process components interacting with each other through service interfaces, and multiple service operations, each being implemented for a respective process component. The process components include a Project Processing process component that supports the management of projects, a Time and Labor Management process component that supports the management of employees timekeeping and work planning, an Accounting process component that records relevant business transactions, a payroll processing process component that supports the execution and monitoring of payroll processes, and a Goods and Service Acknowledgement process component that receives a confirmation from an employee of goods received or services rendered.

BACKGROUND

The subject matter of this patent application relates to computer software architecture, and more particularly to the architecture of application software for time recording.

Enterprise software systems are generally large and complex. Such systems can require many different components, distributed across many different hardware platforms, possibly in several different geographical locations. Thus, the architecture of a large software application, i.e., what its components are and how they fit together, is an important aspect of its design for a successful implementation.

SUMMARY

This specification presents a software architecture design for a time recording software application.

In its various aspects, the present subject matter can be implemented as methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer program products, for implementing a software architecture design for a software application implementing time recording. The software application is structured as multiple process components interacting with each other through service interfaces, and multiple service operations, each being implemented for a respective process component. The process components include a Project Processing process component, a Time and Labor Management process component, an Accounting process component, and a Goods and Service Acknowledgement process component.

In its various aspects, the subject matter can further be implemented as methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer program products, implementing a software architecture design for a software application that is adapted to interact with externals software systems through the service operations described in reference to external process components, or a subcombination of them.

The subject matter described in this specification can be implemented to realize one or more of the following advantages. Effective use is made of process components as units of software reuse, to provide a design that can be implemented reliably in a cost effective way. Effective use is made of deployment units, each of which is deployable on a separate computer hardware platform independent of every other deployment unit, to provide a scalable design. Service interfaces of the process components define a pair-wise interaction between pairs of process components that are in different deployment units in a scalable way.

Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and in the description below. Further features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a software architectural design for a time recording software application.

FIG. 2 illustrates the elements of the architecture as they are drawn in the figures.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing interactions between a Time and Labor Management process component and an Accounting process component.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing interactions between a Time and Labor Management process component and a Goods and Service Acknowledgement process component.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing interactions between a Time and Labor Management process component and a Project Processing process component.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing interactions between a Time and Labor Management process component and a Payroll Processing process component.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows the software architectural design for a time recording software application. The time recording application is software that implements an end-to-end process used to define employees' planned working time as well as the recording of their actual working times, absences, and evaluations.

As shown in FIG. 1, the time recording design includes a Project Management unit 102, a Human Capital Management unit 104, a Payroll unit 105, a Financial Accounting unit 106, and a Purchasing unit 108.

The Project Management deployment unit 102 includes a Project Processing process component 110 that is responsible for structuring, planning, and executing simple short-term measures and complex projects.

The Human Capital Management deployment unit 104 includes a Time and Labor Management process component 112. The Time and Labor Management process component 112 supports the management of employees' planned working times, and the recording and valuation of work performed and absence times.

The Payroll unit 105 includes a Payroll Processing process component 118. The Payroll Processing process component 118 supports the execution and monitoring of regular as well as off-cycle payroll processes, including completeness checks of payroll relevant employee data, the payroll run itself, verification of the results and the transfer to financial accounting.

The Financial Accounting deployment unit 106 includes an Accounting process component 114 that records relevant business transactions for valuation and profitability analysis.

The Purchasing deployment unit 108 includes a Goods and Service Acknowledgement process component 116. The Goods and Service Acknowledgement process component 116 represents a confirmation by an employee of goods received or services rendered.

FIG. 2 illustrates the elements of the architecture as they are drawn in the figures of this patent application. The elements of the architecture include the business object 202, the process component 204, the operation 206, the outbound process agent 208, the synchronous outbound process agent 210, the synchronous inbound process agent 212, the inbound process agent 214, the service interface or interface 216, the message 218, the form message 220, the mapping entity 222, the communication channel template 224, and the deployment unit 226.

Not explicitly represented in the figures is a foundation layer that contains all fundamental entities that are used in multiple deployment units 226. These entities can be process components, business objects and reuse service components. A reuse service component is a piece of software that is reused in different transactions. A reuse service component is used by its defined interfaces, which can be, e.g., local APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) or service interfaces.

A process component of an external system is drawn as a dashed-line process component 228. Such a process component 228 represents the external system in describing interactions with the external system; however, the process component 228 need not represent more of the external system than is needed to produce and receive messages as required by the process component that interacts with the external system.

The connector icon 230 is used to simplify the drawing of interactions between process components 204. Interactions between process component pairs 204 involving their respective business objects 202, process agents (at 208, 210, 212, and 214), operations 206, interfaces 216, and messages (at 218 and 22) are described as process component interactions, which determine the interactions of a pair of process components across a deployment unit boundary, i.e., from one deployment unit 226 to another deployment unit 226. Interactions between process components 204 are indicated in FIG. 1 by directed lines (arrows). Interactions between process components within a deployment unit need not be described except to note that they exist, as these interactions are not constrained by the architectural design and can be implemented in any convenient fashion. Interactions between process components that cross a deployment unit boundary will be illustrated by the figures of this patent application; these figures will show the relevant elements associated with potential interaction between two process components 204, but interfaces 216, process agents (at 208, 210, 212, and 214), and business objects 202 that are not relevant to the potential interaction will not be shown.

The architectural design is a specification of a computer software application, and elements of the architectural design can be implemented to realize a software application that implements the end-to-end process mentioned earlier. The elements of the architecture are at times described in this specification as being contained or included in other elements; for example, a process component 204 is described as being contained in a deployment unit 226. It should be understood, however, that such operational inclusion can be realized in a variety of ways and is not limited to a physical inclusion of the entirety of one element in another.

The architectural elements include the business object 202. A business object 202 is a representation of a type of a uniquely identifiable business entity (an object instance) described by a structural model. Processes operate on business objects. This example business object represents a specific view on some well-defined business content. A business object represents content, which a typical business user would expect and understand with little explanation. Business objects are further categorized as business process objects and master data objects. A master data object is an object that encapsulates master data (i.e., data that is valid for a period of time). A business process object, which is the kind of business object generally found in a process component 204, is an object that encapsulates transactional data (i.e., data that is valid for a point in time). The term business object will be used generically to refer to a business process object and a master data object, unless the context requires otherwise. Properly implemented, business objects 202 are implemented free of redundancies.

The architectural elements also include the process component 204. A process component 204 is a software package that realizes a business process and generally exposes its functionality as services. The functionality includes the ability to perform all or parts of particular kinds of business transactions. A process component 204 contains one or more semantically related business objects 202. Any business object belongs to no more than one process component. Process components can be categorized as a standard process component, a process component at a business partner, a third party process component, or a user centric process component. The standard process component (named simply process component) is a software package that realizes a business process and exposes its functionality as services. The process component at a business partner is a placeholder for a process component (or other technology that performs the essential functions of the process component) used at a business partner. The third party process component is a process component (or other technology that performs the essential functions of the process component) provided by a third party. The user centric process component is a process component containing user interface parts.

Process components 204 are modular and context-independent. That they are context-independent means that a process component 204 is not specific to any specific application and is reusable. The process component 204 is often the smallest (most granular) element of reuse in the architecture.

The architectural elements also include the operation 206. An operation 206 belongs to exactly one process component 204. A process component 204 generally is able to perform multiple operations 206. Operations 206 can be synchronous or asynchronous, corresponding to synchronous or asynchronous process agents (e.g. at 208, 210, 212, and 214), which will be described below. Operation 206 may be the smallest, separately-callable function, described by a set of data types used as input, output, and fault parameters serving as a signature.

The architectural elements also include the service interface 216, referred to simply as the interface. An interface 216 is a named group of operations 206. Interface 216 typically specifies inbound service interface functionality or outbound service interface functionality. Each operation 206 belongs to exactly one interface 216. An interface 216 belongs to exactly one process component 204. A process component 204 might contain multiple interfaces 216. In some implementations, an interface contains only inbound or outbound operations, but not a mixture of both. One interface can contain both synchronous and asynchronous operations. All operations of the same type (either inbound or outbound) which belong to the same message choreography will belong to the same interface. Thus, generally, all outbound operations 206 directed to the same other process component 204 are in one interface 216.

The architectural elements also include the message 218. Operations 206 transmit and receive messages 218. Any convenient messaging infrastructure can be used. A message is information conveyed from one process component instance to another, with the expectation that activity will ensue. An operation can use multiple message types for inbound, outbound, or error messages. When two process components are in different deployment units, invocation of an operation of one process component by the other process component is accomplished by an operation on the other process component sending a message to the first process component. In some implementations, the message is a form based message 220 that can be translated into a recognized format for an external process component 228. The form message type 220 is a message type used for documents structured in forms. The form message type 220 can be used for printing, faxing, emailing, or other events using documents structured in forms. In some implementations, the form message type 220 provides an extended signature relative to the normal message type. For example, the form message type 220 can include text information in addition to identification information to improve human reading.

The architectural elements also include the process agent (e.g. at 208, 210, 212, and 214). Process agents do business processing that involves the sending or receiving of messages 218. Each operation 206 will generally have at least one associated process agent. The process agent can be associated with one or more operations 206. Process agents (at 208, 210, 212, and 214) can be either inbound or outbound, and either synchronous or asynchronous.

Asynchronous outbound process agents 208 are called after a business object 202 changes, e.g., after a create, update, or delete of a business object instance. Synchronous outbound process agents 210 are generally triggered directly by a business object 202.

An outbound process agent (208 and 210) will generally perform some processing of the data of the business object instance whose change triggered the event. An outbound agent triggers subsequent business process steps by sending messages using well-defined outbound services to another process component, which generally will be in another deployment unit, or to an external system. An outbound process agent is linked to the one business object that triggers the agent, but it is sent not to another business object but rather to another process component. Thus, the outbound process agent can be implemented without knowledge of the exact business object design of the recipient process component.

Inbound process agents (212 and 214) are called after a message has been received. Inbound process agents are used for the inbound part of a message-based communication. An inbound process agent starts the execution of the business process step requested in a message by creating or updating one or multiple business object instances. An inbound process agent is not the agent of a business object but of its process component. An inbound process agent can act on multiple business objects in a process component.

Synchronous agents (210 and 212) are used when a process component requires a more or less immediate response from another process component, and is waiting for that response to continue its work.

Operations and process components are described in this specification in terms of process agents. However, in alternative implementations, process components and operations can be implemented without use of agents by using other conventional techniques to perform the functions described in this specification.

The architectural elements also include the communication channel template. The communication channel template is a modeling entity that represents a set of technical settings used for communication. The technical settings can include details for inbound or outbound processing of a message. The details can be defined in the communication channel template. In particular, the communication channel template defines an adapter type, a transport protocol, and a message protocol. In some implementations, various other parameters may be defined based on a selected adapter type. For example, the communication channel template can define a security level, conversion parameters, default exchange infrastructure parameters, processing parameters, download URI parameters, and specific message properties.

The communication channel template 224 can interact with internal or external process components (at 204 and 228). To interact with an internal process component, the communication channel template is received and uploaded to be used with an operation and interface pair. To interact with an external process component, the communication channel template is received and uploaded to be used with an external entity, such as an external bank, business partner, or supplier.

The architectural elements also include the deployment unit 226. A deployment unit 226 includes one or more process components 204 that are deployed together on a single computer system platform. Conversely, separate deployment units can be deployed on separate physical computing systems. For this reason, a boundary of a deployment unit 226 defines the limits of an application-defined transaction, i.e., a set of actions that have the ACID properties of atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. To make use of database manager facilities, the architecture requires that all operations of such a transaction be performed on one physical database; as a consequence, the processes of such a transaction must be performed by the process components 204 of one instance of one deployment unit 226.

The process components 204 of one deployment unit 226 interact with those of another deployment unit 226 using messages 218 passed through one or more data communication networks or other suitable communication channels. Thus, a deployment unit 226 deployed on a platform belonging to one business can interact with a deployment unit software entity deployed on a separate platform belonging to a different and unrelated business, allowing for business-to-business communication. More than one instance of a given deployment unit can execute at the same time, on the same computing system or on separate physical computing systems. This arrangement allows the functionality offered by a deployment unit to be scaled to meet demand by creating as many instances as needed.

Since interaction between deployment units 226 is through service operations, a deployment unit can be replaced by other another deployment unit as long as the new deployment unit supports the operations depended upon by other deployment units. Thus, while deployment units can depend on the external interfaces of process components in other deployment units, deployment units are not dependent on process component interaction within other deployment units. Similarly, process components 204 that interact with other process components 204 or external systems only through messages 218, e.g., as sent and received by operations 206, can also be replaced as long as the replacement supports the operations 206 of the original 204.

In contrast to a deployment unit 226, the foundation layer does not define a limit for application-defined transactions. Deployment units 226 communicate directly with entities in the foundation layer, which communication is typically not message based. The foundation layer is active in every system instance on which the application is deployed. Business objects 202 in the foundation layer will generally be master data objects. In addition, the foundation layer will include some business process objects that are used by multiple deployment units 226. Master data objects and business process objects that should be specific to a deployment unit 226 are assigned to their respective deployment unit 226.

Interactions Between Process Components “Time and Labor Management” and “Accounting”

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing example interactions between the Time and Labor Management process component 112 and the Accounting process component 114 in the architectural design of FIG. 1. The Time and Labor Management process component 112 may request the creation or cancellation of accounting documents from the Accounting process component 114. Other interactions not shown may also be included.

As shown in FIG. 3, the Time and Labor Management process component 112 includes an Employee Time Calendar business object 302, a Notify of Service Provision from Employee Time Calendar to Accounting outbound process agent 304, and a Service Provision Accounting Out interface 310. The Employee Time Calendar business object 302 represents a read only calendar representation of the evaluation results determined by time evaluation from recorded time documents for an employee. The Service Provision Accounting Out interface 310 includes a Notify of Service Provision operation 306 or a Notify of Service Provision Cancellation operation 308.

The Accounting process component 114 includes a Service Provision Accounting In interface 320, an Maintain Accounting Document based on Service Provision inbound process agent 322, and an Accounting Notification business object 324. The Service Provision Accounting In interface 320 includes a Create Accounting Document operation 314 and a Cancel Accounting Document operation 318.

The Accounting Notification business object 324 represents a notification sent to Financial Accounting by an operational component regarding a business transaction. The Accounting Notification business object 324 may also represent operational business transactions in a standardized form. The Accounting Notification business object 324 includes data for valuating business transactions.

To create a service provision, the Employee Time Calendar business object 302 uses the outbound process agent 304 to invoke the Notify of Service Provision operation 306. The Notify of Service Provision operation 306 notifies accounting of actual services provided and actual time spent on performing the services by creating and transmitting a Service Provision Accounting Notification message 312. The interaction may be initiated when an active employee time calendar item with relevant accounting information is created. A Create Accounting Document operation 314 receives the message 312. The inbound process agent 322 starts the execution of the business process step requested in the message 312 by interacting with an instance of the accounting notification business object 324.

A similar process is followed to for service provision cancellation. The service provision outbound process agent 304 of the Time and Labor Management process component 112 invokes the Notify of Service Provision Cancellation operation 308 to notify accounting that a confirmation of a provided service has been cancelled. The Notify of Service Provision Cancellation operation 308 generates and transmits a Service Provision Cancellation Accounting Notification message 316 to the Accounting process component 114. A Cancel Accounting Document operation 318 receives the message 316. The inbound process agent 322 updates an Accounting Notification business object 324.

Interactions Between Process Components “Time and Labor Management” and “Goods and Service Acknowledgement”

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing example interactions between the Time and Labor Management process component 112 and the Goods and Service Acknowledgement process component 116 in the architectural design of FIG. 1. The Time and Labor Management process component 112 may request the creation or cancellation of a goods and service acknowledgement. Other interactions not shown may also be included.

As shown in FIG. 4, the Time and Labor Management process component 112 includes the Employee Time Calendar business object 302, an Notify of internal Acknowledgement from Employee Time Confirmation to GSA outbound process agent 404, and an Internal Acknowledgement Out interface 410. The Employee Time Calendar business object 302 represents a read-only calendar representation of the evaluation results determined by time evaluation from recorded time documents for an employee. The Internal Acknowledgement Out interface 410 includes a Notify of Internal Acknowledgement operation 406 and a Notify of Internal Acknowledgement Cancellation operation 408.

The Goods and Service Acknowledgement process component 116 includes an Internal Acknowledgement In interface 414, a Maintain GSA based on Internal Acknowledgement inbound process agent 418, and a Goods and Service Acknowledgement business object 420. The Internal Acknowledgement In interface 414 includes a Create Goods and Service Acknowledgement operation 416 and a Cancel Goods and Service Acknowledgement operation 424. The Goods and Service Acknowledgement business object 420 represents a report about the receipt of goods and services.

To create a goods and services acknowledgement, the Employee Time Calendar business object 302 uses the outbound process agent 404 to invoke a Notify of Internal Acknowledgement operation 406. The Notify of Internal Acknowledgement operation 406 notifies the Goods and Service Acknowledgement process component 116 of a service provided by an external employee. This notification is sent when an active employee time item with goods and service acknowledgement relevant information is created, changed or cancelled. The Goods and Service Acknowledgement process component 116 receives the Goods and Service Acknowledgement Request message 412. The message 412 is handled by a Create Goods and Service Acknowledgement operation 416. The Create Goods and Service Acknowledgement operation 416 creates an acknowledgement regarding goods or services using the inbound process agent 418 to update a Goods and Service Acknowledgement business object 420 in order to report the receipt of goods and services.

To cancel a goods and services acknowledgement, the Notify of Internal Acknowledgement Cancellation operation 408 sends a Goods and Service Acknowledgement Cancellation Request message 422 to notify the Goods and Service Acknowledgement process component 116 of a cancellation of goods or services. Upon receipt of the Goods and Service Acknowledgement Cancellation Request message 422, a Cancel Goods and Service Acknowledgement operation 424 is invoked to cancel the goods and services acknowledgement. The goods and service acknowledgement inbound process agent 418 updates the Goods and Service Acknowledgement business object 420 to report the cancellation of goods or services.

Interactions Between Process Components “Time and Labor Management” and “Project Processing”

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing example interactions between the Time and Labor Management process component 112 and the Project Processing process component 110 in the architectural design of FIG. 1. The Time and Labor Management process component 112 handles the management of employees' planned working times, the recording and valuation of work performed, and employee absence occurrences. The Project Processing process component 110 handles the structuring, planning, and execution of simple short-term measures and complex projects.

As shown in FIG. 5, the Time and Labor Management process component 112 includes the Employee Time Calendar business object 302, the Notify of Project Task Confirmation from Employee Time Calendar to Project Processing outbound process agent 502, and the Project Task Confirmation Out interface 506, which includes a Notify of Project Task Confirmation operation 504. The Project Processing process component 110 includes the Project business object 514, the Change Project based on Employee Time Calendar inbound process agent 516, and a Project Task Confirmation In interface 510, which includes the Change Project based on Employee Time Calendar operation 512.

The business object 302 uses the outbound process agent 502 to invoke a Notify of Project Task Confirmation operation 504. The operation 504 notifies the Project Processing process component 110 of a project task confirmation or a project task status change. For example, the notification is sent when an active employee time with project relevant information is created, changed or cancelled. The operation 504 generates a Project Task Confirmation Notification message 508.

A Change Project based on Employee Time Calendar operation 512 receives the message 508. The Change Project based on Employee Time Calendar operation 512 confirms an employee's working time for a project task, including working times and additional information such as status, short text, remaining work, etc. The operation 512 uses the inbound process agent 516 to update the Project business object 514. The Project business object 514 represents a business operation that is characterized by a unique set of conditions. For example, the conditions may include targets to be met, organizational structure, financial, personal, or time constraints on the project and others.

Interactions Between Process Components “Time and Labor Management” and “Payroll Processing”

FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing example interactions between the Time and Labor Management process component 112 and the Payroll Processing process component 118 in the architectural design of FIG. 1. The Time and Labor Management process component 112 handles the management of employees' planned working times, the recording and valuation of work performed, and employee absence occurrences. The Payroll Processing process component 118 handles the execution and monitoring of regular as well as off-cycle payroll processes, including completeness checks of payroll relevant employee data, the payroll run itself, verification of the results and the transfer to financial accounting.

As shown in FIG. 6, the Payroll Processing process component 118 includes the Employee Time Calendar business object 302 and an Employee Time Account business object 602. The Employee Time Account business object 602 includes a summary of valuated employee times and of periodic valuations administered by employee time valuation. The Notify of Employee Time Calendar operation 606 and the Notify of Employee Time Account operation 610 are included in an Employee Time Calendar and Account In Payroll Input Maintenance Out interface 612.

The Employee Time Calendar business object 302 uses a Notify of Employee Time Calendar to Payroll Processing outbound process agent 604 to invoke a Notify of Employee Time Calendar operation 606. The operation 606 notifies the Payroll Processing process component 118 about changes to the Employee Time Calendar business object 302. The operation 606 generates an Employee Time Calendar Payroll Notification message 614 to send to the Payroll Processing process component 118. The Payroll Processing process component 118 receives the Employee Time Calendar Payroll Notification message 614 in a Maintain Employee Payroll Input Based On Employee Time Calendar operation 618. The Maintain Employee Payroll Input Based On Employee Time Calendar operation 618 can be invoked to maintain information on an employee's time calendar. The operation 618 uses a Maintain Employee Payroll Input based on Employee Time Calendar or Account inbound process agent 619 to update a DE_Employee Payroll Input business object 624, a US_Employee Payroll Input business object 626, a CN_Employee Payroll Input business object 628, an FR_Employee Payroll Input business object 630, a GB_Employee Payroll Input business object 632, or an IT_Employee Payroll Input business object 634.

The Employee Time Account business object 602 uses a Notify of Employee Time Account to Payroll Processing outbound process agent 608 to invoke a Notify of Employee Time Account operation 610. The operation 610 notifies the Payroll Processing process component 118 about changes to the Employee Time Account business object 602. The operation 608 generates a Work Agreement Employee Time Accounts Payroll Notification message 616 to send to the Payroll Processing process component 118. The Work Agreement Employee Time Accounts Payroll Notification message 616 is received in a Maintain Employee Payroll Input Based On Employee Time Account operation 620. The Maintain Employee Payroll Input Based On Employee Time Account operation 620 maintains information on an employee's time account. The operations 618 and 620 are included in an Employee Time Calendar and Account In Payroll Input Maintenance In interface 622. The operation 620 uses the Maintain Employee Payroll Input based on Employee Time Calendar or Account inbound process agent 619 to update a DE_Employee Payroll Input business object 624, a US_Employee Payroll Input business object 626, a CN_Employee Payroll Input business object 628, an FR_Employee Payroll Input business object 630, a GB_Employee Payroll Input business object 632, or an IT_Employee Payroll Input business object 634.

The DE_Employee Payroll Input business object 624 represents a summary of employee-specific input for German payroll for one employee. The US_Employee Payroll Input business object 626 represents a summary of employee-specific input for US payroll for one employee. The CN_Employee Payroll Input business object 628 represents a summary of employee-specific input for Chinese payroll for one employee. The FR_Employee Payroll Input business object 630 represents a summary of employee-specific input for French payroll for one employee. The GB_Employee Payroll Input business object 632 represents a summary of employee-specific input for GB payroll for one employee. The IT_Employee Payroll Input business object 634 represents a summary of employee-specific input for Italian payroll for one employee.

The subject matter described in this specification and all of the functional operations described in this specification can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structural means disclosed in this specification and structural equivalents thereof, or in combinations of them. The subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more computer programs tangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in a machine-readable storage device or in a propagated signal, for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers. A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data, in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub-programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

The processes and logic flows described in this specification can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. Information carriers suitable for embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

To provide for interaction with a user, the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.

The subject matter described in this specification can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component (e.g., a data server), a middleware component (e.g., an application server), or a front-end component (e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the subject matter described herein), or any combination of such back-end, middleware, and front-end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network (“WAN”), e.g., the Internet.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention or of what may be claimed, but rather as an exemplification of preferred embodiments of the invention. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be provided in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

The subject matter has been described in terms of particular variations, but other variations can be implemented and are within the scope of the following claims. For example, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. As one example, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In certain implementations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Other variations are within the scope of the following claims. 

1. A computer program product comprising instructions encoded on a non-transitory, computer-readable medium, the instructions being structured as process components interacting with each other through service interfaces, the instructions operable when executed by at least one processor to: define a plurality of process components, each of the process components comprising a modular and application-independent package of reusable, granular software implementing a respective and distinct business process, the business process comprising functionality exposed by the process component via a corresponding service interface, the plurality of process components including: a project processing process component that supports the management of projects; a time and labor management process component that supports the management of employee timekeeping and work planning; a payroll processing process component that supports the execution and monitoring of payroll processes; an accounting process component that records relevant business transactions for valuation and profitability analysis; and a goods and service acknowledgement process component that represents a confirmation by an employee of goods received or services rendered; and define a plurality of service interfaces, each service interface associated with exactly one process component and comprising at least one operation, each operation being implemented for exactly one process component, the operations comprising inbound and outbound operations, the outbound operation for a first process component being operable to send a message to a second process component of the plurality of process components, the second process component having an inbound operation for receiving the message, the sending and receiving of messages between an inbound and an outbound operation defining a message-based pair-wise interaction between the respective process components of the respective operations, the pair-wise interactions between pairs of the process components including interactions between: the time and labor management process component and the goods and service acknowledgement process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the time and labor management process component and the goods and service acknowledgement process component includes the transmission of: a goods and service acknowledgement request message from the time and labor management process component to the goods and service acknowledgement process component, where the goods and service acknowledgement request message comprises a notification of when an active employee time item with goods and service acknowledgement relevant information is created, changed or cancelled; and a goods and service acknowledgment cancellation request message from the time and labor management process component to the goods and service acknowledgement process component, where the goods and service acknowledgement cancellation request message comprises a notification of cancellation of a prior goods and services acknowledgment; the time and labor management process component and the project processing process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the time and labor management process component and the project processing process component includes the transmission of: a project task confirmation notification message from the time and labor management process component to the project processing process component, where the project task confirmation notification message comprises a notification of when an active employee time item with project relevant information is created, changed or cancelled; the time and labor management process component and the accounting process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the time and labor management process component and the accounting process component includes the transmission of: a service provision accounting notification message from the time and labor management process component to the accounting process component, where the service provision accounting notification comprises a notification to accounting of actual services provided and actual time spent on performing the services; and a service provision cancellation accounting notification message from the time and labor management process component to the accounting process component, where the service provision accounting cancellation notification message comprises a notification to accounting of a confirmation of a provided service has been cancelled; and the time and labor management process component and the payroll processing process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the time and labor management process component and the payroll processing process component includes the transmission of: an employee time calendar payroll notification message from the time and labor management process component to the payroll processing process component, where the employee time calendar payroll notification message comprises a notification of modifications to a read-only calendar representation of the evaluation results determined by time evaluation from recorded time documents for an employee; and a work agreement employee time accounts payroll notification message from the time and labor management process component to the payroll processing process component, where the work agreement employee time accounts payroll notification message comprises a notification of modifications to a summary of valuated employee times and of periodic valuations administered by employee time valuation; and store the defined process components and service interfaces in memory.
 2. The product of claim 1, wherein: each of the plurality of process components is assigned to exactly one deployment unit among multiple deployment units, and each deployment unit is deployable on a separate computer hardware platform independent of every other deployment unit; and all interaction between a process component in one deployment unit and any other process component in any other deployment unit takes place through the respective service interfaces of the two process components.
 3. The product of claim 2, wherein the multiple deployment units comprise: a project management deployment unit that includes the project processing component; a human capital management deployment unit that includes the time and labor management process component; a payroll deployment unit that includes the payroll processing process component; a financial accounting deployment unit that includes the accounting process component; and a purchasing deployment unit that includes the goods and service acknowledgement process component.
 4. The product of claim 1, wherein: each of the process components includes one or more business objects; and none of the business objects of any one of the process components interacts directly with any of the business objects included in any of the other process components.
 5. The product of claim 4, wherein the business objects comprise a business process object.
 6. The product of claim 4, wherein none of the business objects included in any one of the process components is included in any of the other process components.
 7. The product of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of process agents, each process agent being either an inbound process agent or an outbound process agent, each inbound process agent being operable to receive a message from a corresponding inbound operation, each outbound process agent being operable to cause a corresponding outbound operation to send a message, each process agent being associated with exactly one process component.
 8. The product of claim 7, wherein each inbound process agent comprises a first inbound process agent operable to start an execution of a business process step requested in a first inbound message by creating or updating at least one business object instance.
 9. The product of claim 7, wherein the outbound process agents comprise a first asynchronous outbound process agent that is called after a business object that is associated with the first outbound process agent changes.
 10. The product of claim 1, wherein the operations comprise synchronous and asynchronous operations.
 11. A system, comprising: a computer system comprising at least one hardware platform for executing computer instructions, the computer instructions structured as a plurality of process components interacting with each other through service interfaces, each hardware platform including at least one processor for executing the computer instructions; at least one memory storing a plurality of process components executable by the respective processor of the particular hardware platform, each of the process components comprising a modular and application-independent package of reusable granular software implementing a respective and distinct business process, the business process comprising functionality exposed by the process component via at least one service interface, the plurality of process components including: a project processing process component that supports the management of projects; a time and labor management process component that supports the management of employee timekeeping and work planning; a payroll processing process component that supports the execution and monitoring of payroll processes; an accounting process component that records relevant business transactions for valuation and profitability analysis; and a goods and service acknowledgement process component that represents a confirmation by an employee of goods received or services rendered; and the memory further storing a plurality of service interfaces, each service interface associated with exactly one process component and comprising at least one operation, each operation being implemented for exactly one process component, the operations comprising inbound and outbound operations, the outbound operation for a first process component being operable to send a message to a second process component of the plurality of process components, the second process component having an inbound operation for receiving the message, the sending and receiving of messages between an inbound and an outbound operation defining a message-based pair-wise interaction between the respective process components of the respective operations, the pair-wise interactions between pairs of the process components including interactions between: the time and labor management process component and the goods and service acknowledgement process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the time and labor management process component and the goods and service acknowledgement process component includes the transmission of: a goods and service acknowledgement request message from the time and labor management process component to the goods and service acknowledgement process component, where the goods and service acknowledgement request message comprises a notification of when an active employee time item with goods and service acknowledgement relevant information is created, changed or cancelled; and a goods and service acknowledgment cancellation request message from the time and labor management process component to the goods and service acknowledgement process component, where the goods and service acknowledgement cancellation request message comprises a notification of cancellation of a prior goods and services acknowledgment; the time and labor management process component and the project processing process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the time and labor management process component and the project processing process component includes the transmission of: a project task confirmation notification message from the time and labor management process component to the project processing process component, where the project task confirmation notification message comprises a notification of when an active employee time item with project relevant information is created, changed or cancelled; the time and labor management process component and the accounting process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the time and labor management process component and the accounting process component includes the transmission of: a service provision accounting notification message from the time and labor management process component to the accounting process component, where the service provision accounting notification comprises a notification to accounting of actual services provided and actual time spent on performing the services; and a service provision cancellation accounting notification message from the time and labor management process component to the accounting process component, where the service provision accounting cancellation notification message comprises a notification to accounting of a confirmation of a provided service has been cancelled; and the time and labor management process component and the payroll processing process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the time and labor management process component and the payroll processing process component includes the transmission of: an employee time calendar payroll notification message from the time and labor management process component to the payroll processing process component, where the employee time calendar payroll notification message comprises a notification of modifications to a read-only calendar representation of the evaluation results determined by time evaluation from recorded time documents for an employee; and a work agreement employee time accounts payroll notification message from the time and labor management process component to the payroll processing process component, where the work agreement employee time accounts payroll notification message comprises a notification of modifications to a summary of valuated employee times and of periodic valuations administered by employee time valuation.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein: each of the process components includes one or more business objects; and none of the business objects of any one of the process components interacts directly with any of the business objects included in any of the other process components.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein none of the business objects included in any one of the process components is included in any of the other process components.
 14. The system of claim 11, further comprising a plurality of process agents, each process agent being either an inbound process agent or an outbound process agent, each inbound process agent being operable to receive a message from a corresponding inbound operation, each outbound process agent being operable to cause a corresponding outbound operation to send a message, each process agent being associated with exactly one process component.
 15. The system of claim 11, the system comprising multiple hardware platforms, wherein: the project processing process component is deployed on a first hardware platform; the time and labor management process component is deployed on a second hardware platform; the accounting process component is deployed on a third hardware platform; the goods and service acknowledgement process component is deployed on a fourth hardware platform; and the payroll processing process component is deployed on a fifth hardware platform.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein each of the first through the fifth hardware platforms are distinct and separate from each other.
 17. A method for developing a computer software application, comprising: obtaining, in a programmable computer system having at least one processor, a storage medium, and an interface, digital data representing an architectural design for a set of processes implementing an end-to-end application process, the design specifying a process component for each process in the set of processes, each of the process components comprising a modular and application-independent package of reusable granular software implementing a respective and distinct business process, the business process comprising functionality exposed by the process component, and the design further specifying a set of process component interactions based on messages transmitted between two or more of the process components, wherein: the specified process components include: a project processing process component that supports the management of projects; a time and labor management process component that supports the management of employee timekeeping and work planning; a payroll processing process component that supports the execution and monitoring of payroll processes; an accounting process component that records relevant business transactions for valuation and profitability analysis; and a goods and service acknowledgement process component that represents a confirmation by an employee of goods received or services rendered; and the process component interactions include interactions between: the time and labor management process component and the goods and service acknowledgement process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the time and labor management process component and the goods and service acknowledgement process component includes the transmission of: a goods and service acknowledgement request message from the time and labor management process component to the goods and service acknowledgement process component, where the goods and service acknowledgement request message comprises a notification of when an active employee time item with goods and service acknowledgement relevant information is created, changed or cancelled; and a goods and service acknowledgment cancellation request message from the time and labor management process component to the goods and service acknowledgement process component, where the goods and service acknowledgement cancellation request message comprises a notification of cancellation of a prior goods and services acknowledgment; the time and labor management process component and the project processing process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the time and labor management process component and the project processing process component includes the transmission of: a project task confirmation notification message from the time and labor management process component to the project processing process component, where the project task confirmation notification message comprises a notification of when an active employee time item with project relevant information is created, changed or cancelled: the time and labor management process component and the accounting process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the time and labor management process component and the accounting process component includes the transmission of: a service provision accounting notification message from the time and labor management process component to the accounting process component, where the service provision accounting notification comprises a notification to accounting of actual services provided and actual time spent on performing the services; and a service provision cancellation accounting notification message from the time and labor management process component to the accounting process component, where the service provision accounting cancellation notification message comprises a notification to accounting of a confirmation of a provided service has been cancelled; and the time and labor management process component and the payroll processing process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the time and labor management process component and the payroll processing process component includes the transmission of: an employee time calendar payroll notification message from the time and labor management process component to the payroll processing process component, where the employee time calendar payroll notification message comprises a notification of modifications to a read-only calendar representation of the evaluation results determined by time evaluation from recorded time documents for an employee; and a work agreement employee time accounts payroll notification message from the time and labor management process component to the payroll processing process component, where the work agreement employee time accounts payroll notification message comprises a notification of modifications to a summary of valuated employee times and of periodic valuations administered by employee time valuation generating, using the at least one processor on the computer system, a computer software application to perform the set of processes based on the obtained design including the specified process components and the specified process component interactions.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein each process in the set of processes is a business process transforming a defined business input into a defined business outcome.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein obtaining digital data representing the architectural design further comprises editing the design before using the design. 